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Headache in ADHD as comorbidity and a side effect of medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Pei-Yin Pan, Ulf Jonsson, Sabriye Selin Şahpazoğlu Çakmak, Alexander Häge, Sarah Hohmann, Hjalmar Nobel Norrman, Jan K. Buitelaar, Tobias Banaschewski, Samuele Cortese, David Coghill, Sven Bölte
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 52 / Issue 1 / January 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 October 2021, pp. 14-25
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There is mixed evidence on the association between headache and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as headache and ADHD medications. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the co-occurrence of headache in children with ADHD, and the effects of ADHD medications on headache. Embase, Medline and PsycInfo were searched for population-based and clinical studies comparing the prevalence of headache in ADHD and controls through January 26, 2021. In addition, we updated the search of a previous systematic review and network meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on ADHD medications on June 16, 2020. Trials of amphetamines, atomoxetine, bupropion, clonidine, guanfacine, methylphenidate, and modafinil with a placebo arm and reporting data on headache as an adverse event, were included. Thirteen epidemiological studies and 58 clinical trials were eligible for inclusion. In epidemiological studies, a significant association between headache and ADHD was found [odds ratio (OR) = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.63–2.46], which remained significant when limited to studies reporting ORs adjusted for possible confounders. The pooled prevalence of headaches in children with ADHD was 26.6%. In RCTs, three ADHD medications were associated with increased headache during treatment periods, compared to placebo: atomoxetine (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.06–1.56), guanfacine (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.12–1.82), and methylphenidate (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.09–1.63). The summarized evidence suggests that headache is common in children with ADHD, both as part of the clinical presentation as such and as a side effect of some standard medications. Monitoring and clinical management strategies of headache in ADHD, in general, and during pharmacological treatment are recommended.
Sámi traditional ecological knowledge as a guide to science: snow, ice and reindeer pasture facing climate change
- Jan Åge Riseth, Hans Tømmervik, Elina Helander-Renvall, Niklas Labba, Cecilia Johansson, Eirik Malnes, Jarle W. Bjerke, Christer Jonsson, Veijo Pohjola, Lars-Erik Sarri, Audhild Schanche, Terry V. Callaghan
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- Journal:
- Polar Record / Volume 47 / Issue 3 / July 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 December 2010, pp. 202-217
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Scientific studies of challenges of climate change could be improved by including other sources of knowledge, such as traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), in this case relating to the Sámi. This study focuses on local variations in snow and ice conditions, effects of the first durable snow, and long term changes in snow and ice conditions as pre-requisites for understanding potential future changes. Firstly, we characterised snow types and profiles based on Sámi categories and measured their density and hardness. Regression analysis showed that density can explain much of the variation in hardness, while snow depth was not significantly correlated with hardness. Secondly, we found that whether it is dry/cold or warm/wet around the fall of the first durable snow is, according to Sámi reindeer herders, crucial information for forecasting winter grazing conditions, but this has had limited focus within science. Thirdly, elderly herders’ observations of changes in snow and ice conditions by ‘reading nature’ can aid reinterpretation of meteorological data by introducing researchers to alternative perspectives. In conclusion we found remarkable agreement between scientific measurements and Sámi terminology. We also learnt that TEK/science cooperation has much potential for climate change studies, though time and resources are needed to bridge the gap between knowledge systems. In particular, TEK attention to shifts in nature can be a useful guide for science.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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The Cost of the Swedish Handicap Service System: Implications for Technology Assessment
- Dick Jonsson, Ursula Hass, Jan Persson
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- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 11 / Issue 2 / Spring 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 March 2009, pp. 269-275
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The total cost of the Swedish handicap system is estimated at US $ 10.7 billion for 1989. The cost is distributed across different authorities with separate legal and financial responsibility. The concept of technology must be extended to include consideration of both the resources spent and benefits gained in the public sector and the magnitude and distribution of transfer payments from social insurance to fulfill its function in handicap policy decision making.
α1-Microglobulin chromophores are located to three lysine residues semiburied in the lipocalin pocket and associated with a novel lipophilic compound
- TORD BERGGÅRD, ARIEH COHEN, PER PERSSON, ANNIKA LINDQVIST, TOMMY CEDERVALL, MARIA SILOW, IDA B. THØGERSEN, JAN-ÅKE JÖNSSON, JAN J. ENGHILD, BO ÅKERSTRÖM
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- Journal:
- Protein Science / Volume 8 / Issue 12 / December 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 1999, pp. 2611-2620
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- December 1999
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α1-Microglobulin (α1m) is an electrophoretically heterogeneous plasma protein. It belongs to the lipocalin superfamily, a group of proteins with a three-dimensional (3D) structure that forms an internal hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. α1m carries a covalently linked unidentified chromophore that gives the protein a characteristic brown color and extremely heterogeneous optical properties. Twenty-one different colored tryptic peptides corresponding to residues 88–94, 118–121, and 122–134 of human α1m were purified. In these peptides, the side chains of Lys92, Lys118, and Lys130 carried size heterogeneous, covalently attached, unidentified chromophores with molecular masses between 122 and 282 atomic mass units (amu). In addition, a previously unknown uncolored lipophilic 282 amu compound was found strongly, but noncovalently associated with the colored peptides. Uncolored tryptic peptides containing the same Lys residues were also purified. These peptides did not carry any additional mass (i.e., chromophore) suggesting that only a fraction of the Lys92, Lys118, and Lys130 are modified. The results can explain the size, charge, and optical heterogeneity of α1m. A 3D model of α1m, based on the structure of rat epididymal retinoic acid-binding protein (ERABP), suggests that Lys92, Lys118, and Lys130 are semiburied near the entrance of the lipocalin pocket. This was supported by the fluorescence spectra of α1m under native and denatured conditions, which indicated that the chromophores are buried, or semiburied, in the interior of the protein. In human plasma, approximately 50% of α1m is complex bound to IgA. Only the free α1m carried colored groups, whereas α1m linked to IgA was uncolored.
CLASS AND THE CHANGING NATURE OF WORK: TESTING HYPOTHESES OF DESKILLING AND CONVERGENCE AMONG SWEDISH EMPLOYEES
- Jan O. Jonsson
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- Journal:
- Work, Employment and Society / Volume 12 / Issue 4 / December 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 1998, pp. 603-663
- Print publication:
- December 1998
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The changing nature of work is often supposed to be of consequence for interest formation and political alliances between social classes. Three hypotheses are tested: classes converge due to the deskilling of white-collar work or the upskilling of blue-collar work; lower white-collar workers essentially share the conditions of manual workers; the gender dimension cross-cuts the class dimension. Empirical analyses are carried out on the Swedish Level of Living Surveys in 1968, 1974, 1981 and 1991. The major trend is towards an upskilling, though jobs have not become less monotonous. There are signs of class convergence, e.g., in wages and authority, but sharp differences remain. While class divisions exist for both men and women, gender differences within classes are substantial for physical working conditions and market capacity. For several indicators, lower white-collar workers are exposed to similar conditions as manual workers while men in the highest stratum stand out as the consistently most privileged.
6 - Gravity in higher dimensions
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Quantum Geometry
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- 20 October 2009
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- 19 June 1997, pp 271-296
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Summary
In this chapter we return to the discussion of quantum gravity which we began in Chapter 4. In the first section we describe some of the technical problems that are encountered in constructing a theory of quantum gravity and some of the ideas that may go into their resolution. We then give a definition of simplicial gravity in arbitrary dimensions and describe a representative sample of the numerical results that have been obtained. It is often convenient to consider the theory in a fixed dimension larger than two. We shall discuss the four-dimensional case since it is physically the most relevant, and will only occasionally consider three-dimensional gravity.
Basic problems in quantum gravity
Formulating a theory of quantum gravity in dimensions higher than two leads to a number of basic questions, some of which go beyond those encountered in dimension two. Among these are the following:
(i) What are the implications of the unboundedness from below of the Einstein–Hilbert action?
(ii) Is the non-renormalizability of the gravitational coupling a genuine obstacle to making sense of quantum gravity?
(iii) What is the relation between Euclidean and Lorentzian signatures and do there exist analogues of the Osterwalder–Schrader axioms allowing analytic continuation from Euclidean space to Lorentzian space-time?
(iv) What is the role of topology in view, for instance, of the fact that higher-dimensional topologies cannot be classified?
We do not have answers to these questions and our inability to deal with them may be an indication that there exists no theory of Euclidean quantum gravity in four dimensions or, possibly, that quantum gravity only makes sense when embedded in a larger theory such as string theory.
1 - Introduction
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Book:
- Quantum Geometry
- Published online:
- 20 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 19 June 1997, pp 1-10
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Summary
The idea of describing the physical world entirely in terms of geometry has a history dating back to Einstein and Klein in the early decades of the century. This approach to physics had early success in general relativity but the appearance of quantum mechanics guided the development of theoretical physics in a different direction for a long time. During the past quarter of a century the programme of Einstein and Klein has seen a renaissance embodied in gauge theories and, more recently, superstring theory. During this time we have also witnessed the happy marriage of statistical mechanics and quantum field theory in the subject of Euclidean quantum field theory, a development which could hardly have taken place without Feynman's path integral formulation of quantization. In this book we shall work almost exclusively in the Euclidean framework.
The unifying theme of the present work is the study of quantum field theories which have a natural representation as functional integrals or, if one prefers, statistical sums, over geometric objects: paths, surfaces and higher-dimensional manifolds. Our philosophy is to work directly with the geometry as far as possible and avoid parametrization and discretizations that break the natural invariances. In this introductory chapter we give an overview of the subject, put it in perspective and discuss its main ideas briefly.
Lagrangian field theories whose action can be expressed entirely in terms of geometrical quantities such as volume and curvature have a special beauty and simplicity.
Quantum Geometry
- A Statistical Field Theory Approach
- Jan Ambjørn, Bergfinnur Durhuus, Thordur Jonsson
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- Published online:
- 20 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 19 June 1997
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This graduate/research level text describes in a unified fashion the statistical mechanics of random walks, random surfaces and random higher dimensional manifolds with an emphasis on the geometrical aspects of the theory and applications to the quantisation of strings, gravity and topological field theory. With chapters on random walks, random surfaces, two- and higher dimensional quantum gravity, topological quantum field theories and Monte Carlo simulations of random geometries, the text provides a self-contained account of quantum geometry from a statistical field theory point of view. The approach uses discrete approximations and develops analytical and numerical tools. Continuum physics is recovered through scaling limits at phase transition points and the relation to conformal quantum field theories coupled to quantum gravity is described. The most important numerical work is covered, but the main aim is to develop mathematically precise results that have wide applications. Many diagrams and references are included.
References
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Quantum Geometry
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- 19 June 1997, pp 339-358
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Frontmatter
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Quantum Geometry
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5 - Monte Carlo simulations of random geometry
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Quantum Geometry
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- 19 June 1997, pp 251-270
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Notation
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Quantum Geometry
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2 - Random walks
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Quantum Geometry
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Summary
The role of random walks as a theoretical tool in physics dates back at least to the explanation of the origin of Brownian motion at the turn of the century. The universal features of the large-scale phenomena associated with random walks are already transparent in Einstein's derivation of the diffusion equation in his famous 1905 paper on Brownian motion. Ever since, theories of random walks have played an increasingly important role in virtually every branch of physics and now form the basis of statistical theory in general in the subject of stochastic processes. The appearance of random walks in elementary particle physics was mediated by Feynman's path integral formulation of quantum theory, and a mathematically rigorous approach to the subject was made possible by the introduction of Euclidean quantum field theory in the 1960s building on Wieners's earlier work on random walks and the diffusion equation.
We start in the next three sections by introducing various discrete random walk models describing the propagation of scalar particles in space-time. We pay particular attention to critical behaviour in these models and their universality properties: many different discrete models give rise to the same continuum limit. As explained in the Introduction we are primarily interested in viewing random paths as geometric objects. Hence, we focus on such aspects as reparametrization invariance which are usually not stressed in the more standard treatments.
7 - Topological quantum field theories
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Quantum Geometry
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Summary
When quantizing gravity in the functional integral formalism, the metric on the base manifold M is a dynamical variable that is integrated out in the partition function. This was discussed at length in Chapters 4 and 6 in particular cases. Because of general covariance one actually integrates over equivalence classes of metrics related by diffeomorphisms of M, and expectation values of physical observables are therefore diffeomorphism invariants of M. The central problem of quantum gravity in this formalism is to attribute a mathematical meaning to, as well as a physical interpretation of, such expectation values. It is fair to say that substantial results have been obtained in only two dimensions so far.
Introduction
This chapter is devoted to a discussion of certain examples of theories in which general covariance is realized in a simpler way than by averaging over metrics. For example, a theory is generally covariant if its action is a functional of a set of fields on the manifold M which does not involve a metric at all and for which the functional integration measure over the fields is also metric independent. Alternatively, it may occur that although a metric enters the expression defining the action, the energy–momentum tensor nevertheless vanishes on the physical state space. Perhaps the best-known example of the former is the three-dimensional Chern–Simons gauge theory [391]. Examples of the latter are cohomological field theories [393], which include the two-dimensional twisted N = 2 superconformal models [167].
Preface
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Quantum Geometry
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Summary
The main topic of this book is the work that has been carried out during the last 15 years under the general heading of random surfaces. The original motivation for the study of random surfaces came from lattice gauge theory, where one can represent various quantities of interest as weighted sums over surfaces embedded in a hypercubic lattice. A few years later, with the resurrection of string theory, random surfaces were used as regularization of that theory and, most recently, random surface models have been applied to two-dimensional quantum gravity. There is also an impressive body of work on random surfaces that has been carried out by membrane physicists, as well as by condensed matter physicists, so one often finds mathematically identical problems being studied in different branches of physics. Random surfaces are therefore not a physical theory but, rather, a theoretical tool and a methodology that can be applied to various physical problems in the same way as random walks find applications in many branches of science. The formalism that has been developed to deal with random surfaces carries over to the study of higher-dimensional manifolds, which are important for quantizing gravity in higher dimensions.
We address this book primarily to advanced graduate students in theoretical physics but we hope that more experienced researchers in the field, as well as mathematicians, may find it useful.
Index
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Quantum Geometry
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Contents
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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4 - Two-dimensional gravity
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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3 - Random surfaces
- Jan Ambjørn, University of Copenhagen, Bergfinnur Durhuus, University of Copenhagen, Thordur Jonsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik
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- Quantum Geometry
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- 19 June 1997, pp 66-148
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